O intervalo de EO a FxTAI foi maior em cabras HD quando comparado aos outros grupos (P<0,05). O intervalo de estro foi maior (P 0,05) em todos os grupos. As cabras em estro foram inseminadas artificialmente em tempo flexível (FxTAI).
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A dominância foi pontuada de acordo com EO em relação à remoção do dispositivo, sendo: HD - alto dominante (478 h n = 5). Após a detecção do início do estro (EO), as cabras foram imediatamente removidas dos currais. A ultrassonografia foi realizada em intervalos de 12 horas desde a remoção do dispositivo até a ovulação. A sincronização foi induzida em 23 cabras leiteira alocadas em baias coletivas. Resumo Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da dominância social sobre o comportamento do estro e os parâmetros ovarianos de cabras leiteiras submetidas à indução sincronizada do estro durante a estação não reprodutiva. Finally, farmers’ attitudes and empathy with goats, as well as their motivation to work with animals, should be improved through appropriate training. Several measures to assess the quality of HAR have been validated, including avoidance in the pen and at the feeding rack and latency to first contact. Management practices (e.g., rearing methods, amount and quality of interactions), as well as genetic selection for suitable individual traits, may contribute to improving HAR. A deep knowledge of goats’ communication means and socio-cognitive abilities may greatly help improving the human–goat relationship. Goats have well-developed socio-cognitive abilities and rely on humans to get relevant information. Effective human–goat communication takes place by means of visual, tactile and auditory stimuli and, to a less extent, via olfactory and gustative stimuli. The systematic review led to the selection of 58 relevant articles. Given the impact that HAR may have on both goats and human beings, the aim of the present review is to elucidate: (1) how humans and goats communicate (2) which are the factors affecting human–goat interactions (3) how we can measure the quality of this relationship. There is consensus that the quality of the human–animal relationship (HAR) is relevant to guarantee appropriate levels of animal welfare. Practical recommendations arising from observations of goat social behaviour are provided in the conclusions.
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To better understand the requirements of this species and to identify possible tools for the detection of early modifications in natural behaviours that might indicate poor welfare and the establishment of positive human–animal interactions, this review provides a detailed description of goat social behaviour. In domestic goats, the opportunity to express certain social behaviours can be limited by captivity and management systems, especially in modern production systems, where goats are reared intensively under high stocking densities, sexual segregation, early separation of kids from their mothers, frequent regrouping, and manipulation during critical periods, including gestation and weaning. Although it exhibits a wide range of behaviours, the domesticated goat has been the subject of relatively few behavioural studies. The domestic goat is a sociable, inquisitive, and intelligent species, which has been used for its meat, milk, skin, and fur since it was first domesticated ca.